Journal: Current Issues in Molecular Biology

Article Title: Caprylic Acid Restores Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in a Mouse Cachexia Model

doi: 10.3390/cimb47050325

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of BCAAs on cancer cachexia. ( A ) An experimental protocol. Mice were divided into 3 groups; NoCa group (fed with CE-2 standard diet, no tumor), CD group (CE-2 diet, CT26 cells ip), and BCAA group (BCAA diet , CT26 cells ip). Each group comprised 5 mice. ( B ) Dietary intake. ( C ) Body weight. ( D ) Tumor weight. Error bar, standard deviation from 5 mice. Statistical differences were calculated by ordinary ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction. ANOVA, analysis of variance; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; CD, control diet; No Ca, no cancer; ip, intraperitoneal inoculation.

Article Snippet: Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc correction in GraphPad InStat software (v3.1; GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA).

Techniques: Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Current Issues in Molecular Biology

Article Title: Caprylic Acid Restores Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in a Mouse Cachexia Model

doi: 10.3390/cimb47050325

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of BCAAs on cancer sarcopenia. ( A ) QCM weight. ( B ) Muscle maturity by SDS-MYL1. ( C ) Muscle oxidative stress by 4HNE. ( D ) Muscle redox by GSH/GSSG ratio. ( E , F ) Muscle cytokines; TNFα ( E ) and HMGB1 ( F ). Error bar, standard deviation from 5 mice. Statistical differences were calculated by ordinary ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction. 4HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; ANOVA, analysis of variance; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; CD, control diet; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; HMGB1, high-mobility group box-1; NoCa, no cancer; QCM, quadriceps muscle; SDS-MYL1, SDS-soluble myosin light chain-1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Article Snippet: Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc correction in GraphPad InStat software (v3.1; GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA).

Techniques: Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Current Issues in Molecular Biology

Article Title: Caprylic Acid Restores Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in a Mouse Cachexia Model

doi: 10.3390/cimb47050325

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of BCAAs on energy metabolism in an in vitro cachexia model. C2C12 cells (1 × 10 4 ) cells were pretreated with cancer ascites (20% v / v ) to fresh DMEM medium. Then, cells were cultured in the mitochondrial stress test medium for 6 h. ( A ) Oxidative phosphorylation by flux analysis. ( B ) Basal respiration. ( C ) Maximum respiration. ( D ) ATP production. ( E ) Proton leak. ( F ) Spare respiration capacity. ( G ) ECAR. ( H ) Maximum ECAR. Error bar, standard deviation from 3 independent trials. Statistical differences were calculated by ordinary ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction. ANOVA, analysis of variance; Asc, cancer ascites; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; C, control; DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium; ECAR, Glycolysis by extracellular acidity rate; OCR, oxygen consumption rates.

Article Snippet: Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc correction in GraphPad InStat software (v3.1; GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA).

Techniques: In Vitro, Cell Culture, Phospho-proteomics, Standard Deviation, Control, Modification

Journal: Current Issues in Molecular Biology

Article Title: Caprylic Acid Restores Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in a Mouse Cachexia Model

doi: 10.3390/cimb47050325

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impaired BCAA metabolism in an in vitro cachexia model. ( A – C ) C2C12 cells (1 × 10 6 ) were treated with cancer ascites (20% v / v to fresh DMEM medium) with or without BCAAs (Leu, Ile, and Val, 200 μM each) for 48 h. ( A ) Levels of BCAA metabolism-associated proteins. Right panel: semi-quantification of Western blotting. ( B ) Intramuscular BCAA concentration. ( C ) Intramuscular AcCoA concentration. ( D – H ) C2C12 cells were treated with HMGB1 (40 μg/mL) with or without BCAAs (Leu, Ile, and Val, 200 μM each) or C8 (50 μg/mL) for 48 h. ( D ) Expression of BCKD-related genes. Right panel: semi-quantification of RT-PCR. ( E , F ) Effect of HMGB1 on intramuscular BCAA ( E ) and AcCoA ( F ) concentrations. ( G , H ) Effect of C8 on intramuscular BCAA ( G ) and AcCoA ( H ) concentrations. Error bar: standard deviation from 3 independent trials. Statistical differences were calculated by ordinary ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction. AcCoA, acetyl coenzyme A; ACTB, β-actine; ANOVA, analysis of variance; Asc, cancer ascites; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; BDK, branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase; BCKD, branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase; C8, caprylic acid; Cont, control; C, control; DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium; HMGB1, high-mobility group box-1; pBCKD, phosphorylated; PGC1A, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α; RT-PCR, reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction.

Article Snippet: Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc correction in GraphPad InStat software (v3.1; GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA).

Techniques: In Vitro, Western Blot, Concentration Assay, Expressing, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Standard Deviation, Control, Modification, Reverse Transcription, Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Current Issues in Molecular Biology

Article Title: Caprylic Acid Restores Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in a Mouse Cachexia Model

doi: 10.3390/cimb47050325

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of BCAAs combined with HMGB1 and/or C8 on energy metabolism in C2C12 cells. C2C12 cells were treated with BCAAs (Leu, Ile, and Val, 200 μM each), HMGB1 (40 μg/mL), and/or C8 (50 μg/mL) for 48 h. For flux assay, cells were then cultured in the mitochondrial stress test medium for 6 h. ( A ) Oxidative phosphorylation by flux analysis. ( B ) Basal respiration. ( C ) Maximum respiration. ( D ) ATP production. ( E ) Proton leak. ( F ) Maximum ECAR. ( G ) SDS-MYL1. ( H ) 4HNE. Error bar: standard deviation from 3 independent trials. Statistical differences were calculated by ordinary ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction. 4HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; ANOVA, analysis of variance; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; C, control; C8, caprylic acid; ECAR, extracellular acidity rate; HMGB; HMGB1, high-mobility group box-1; OCR, oxygen consumption rates; SDS-MYL1, SDS-soluble myosin light chain-1.

Article Snippet: Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc correction in GraphPad InStat software (v3.1; GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA).

Techniques: Flux Assay, Cell Culture, Phospho-proteomics, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Current Issues in Molecular Biology

Article Title: Caprylic Acid Restores Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in a Mouse Cachexia Model

doi: 10.3390/cimb47050325

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of BCAAs on cancer sarcopenia in 5FU-administered mice. ( A ) An experimental protocol. Mice were divided into 5 groups: no cancer group (fed CE-2 standard diet, no tumor), CD group (fed BCAA diet , CT26 cells ip), BCAA group (fed BCAA diet , CT26 cells ip), BCAA + 5FU group (fed BCAA diet , 5FU [30 mg/kg/w sc], CT26 cells ip) and BCAA + 5FU + C8 group (fed BCAA + C8 diet , 5FU [30 mg/kg/w sc], CT26 cells ip). Each group comprised 5 mice. ( B ) Body weight. ( C ) Tumor weight. ( D ) QCM weight. ( E ) Muscle maturity by SDS-MYL1. ( F ) Muscle oxidative stress by 4HNE. Error bar: ordinary deviation from 5 mice. Statistical differences were calculated by standard ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction. 4HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; 5FU, 5-fluorouracil; ANOVA, analysis of variance; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; C8, caprylic acid; CD, control diet (CE-2); QCM, quadriceps muscle; SDS-MYL1, SDS-soluble myosin light chain-1.

Article Snippet: Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc correction in GraphPad InStat software (v3.1; GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA).

Techniques: Control